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Unravelling the mystery of...complex thought and consciousness itself
What Sapiens did for our understanding of the evolution of the human race, Journey of the Mind has done for the evolution of complex thought and consciousness itself. Ogi and Sai deftly convert sophisticated ideas and concepts into accessible and compelling language that reads like a thriller, unravelling the mystery of how thinking went from a single-celled organism with a handful of light sensors and flagella to the magnificence of the human mind.
Annie Duke, bestselling author of How to Decide
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Summary
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Two neuroscientists trace a sweeping new vision of consciousness across eighteen increasingly intelligent minds, from microbes to humankind and beyond.

Why do minds exist? How did mud and stone develop into beings that can experience longing, regret, love and compassion—beings that are aware of their own experience? Until recently, science offered few answers to these existential questions. Journey of the Mind is the first book to offer a unified account of the mind that explains how consciousness, language, the Self, and civilization emerged incrementally out of chaos. The journey begins three billion years ago with the emergence of the simplest possible mind, a nanoscopic archeon, then ascends through amoebas, worms, frogs, birds, monkeys, and AI, examining successively smarter ways of thinking.

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Reviews
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Packed with insight and astonishing in scope...offers an original perspective on thinking and consciousness.
[F]ascinating argument for a “hidden connectedness of all minds,” from primitive bacteria to AI–enhanced human intelligence. . . . [Ogas and Gaddam’s] descriptive language is sharp and engaging, and the easy-to-understand illustrations demonstrate the concepts underpinning evolving conscious experience, such as a bacteria’s interaction with the environment, the amoeba mind becoming aware of itself, and birdsong demonstrating culture. . . . Ogas and Gaddam imbue every detail with awe and enthusiasm, a reminder to readers that the very science underpinning their theories is only possible because of the wondrous machinations of the human mind itself, a mind that likely has not reached its apotheosis.
Kirkus (★ starred review) link
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Carves consciousness at its joints
This extraordinary masterpiece serves up first principles that carve consciousness at its joints. Journey of the Mind is a page-turner that helps us understand the incomparable work of one of the most brilliant of all neuroscientists. This is the book I would take with me if stranded on a desert island.
Barbara Oakley, bestselling author of A Mind for Numbers
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Will change the way you think about thinking
Every page of Journey of the Mind is packed with fascinating insight. This is a brilliant book that will change the way you think about thinking.
David Epstein, bestselling author of Range and The Sports Gene.
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No less than three laws of consciousness
This enthralling book charts a quantum leap from the prebiotic universe to sentience and selfhood. This leap is unpacked carefully and convincingly by taking us through the phylogeny of sentient behaviour – from brawny brainless cells through to chimpanzees awestruck by the beauty of waterfalls. The authors manage to do this in a way that reveals simple truths that demystify consciousness without detracting from its majesty. The dénouement is no less than three laws of consciousness, underwritten by the seminal work of Stephen Grossberg on resonance and emergentism in the brain. This is an accessible, eclectic and enlightening book that – once read – is difficult to stop thinking about.
Karl Friston, University College London, ranked by Semantic Scholar as the most influential neuroscientist in the world
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Deceptively simple and scientifically grounded
An engaging and surprisingly accessible account of matter's journey to mind. This deceptively simple and scientifically grounded account nonetheless ventures all the way up the ladder of chaos to the rich possibilities for our collective supermind. An encouragingly optimistic reminder of how our shared experience and common understanding of reality far surpass our superficial differences.
Doug Rushkoff, Professor of Media Theory and Digital Economics at CUNY/Queens, host of the Team Human podcast and bestselling author of Team Human, Throwing Rocks at the Google Bus: How Growth Became the Enemy of Prosperity, Present Shock, Program or Be Programmed, and Media Virus.
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A daring book and an absorbing read
Journey of the Mind explains a lot about the brain and its evolution, especially stuff that should interest the general reader––like the physical basis of consciousness, language, and the Self. Moreover, the explanations are in plain, accessible language without technical abbreviations that make most neuroscience reading so unpleasant. The ideas are embodied in simple, clean figures, and the chapters are introduced with wonderful, imaginative drawings, plus engaging epigraphs that are literally, and pleasingly, all over the map. The book is rich in illustrative stories from the origin of life to the evolution of Homo sapiens––to the murder of George Floyd––a daring book and an absorbing read.
Peter Sterling, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, author of Principles of Neural Design
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Unravelling the mystery of...complex thought and consciousness itself
What Sapiens did for our understanding of the evolution of the human race, Journey of the Mind has done for the evolution of complex thought and consciousness itself. Ogi and Sai deftly convert sophisticated ideas and concepts into accessible and compelling language that reads like a thriller, unravelling the mystery of how thinking went from a single-celled organism with a handful of light sensors and flagella to the magnificence of the human mind.
Annie Duke, winner of the World Series of Poker Tournament of Champions and bestselling author of How to Decide
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Stunning in its range and reach
This book is stunning in its range and reach. This bold book offers a strong point of view and backs it up with intriguing, well-reasoned hypotheses and an enormous amount of fascinating information. Whether or not you agree with their views, you will be led to think about the material in interesting ways and will be led to appreciate the marvelous power, complexity, and beauty of the mind.
Stephen Kosslyn, former John Lindsley Professor of Psychology in Memory of William James and Dean of Social Science at Harvard University, founder and chief academic officer of Foundry College
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A mind-bending voyage of discovery
Journey of the Mind is a mind-bending voyage of discovery that will transport its many readers into realms of wondrous revelation. I found that this thrilling book penetrates many of the most puzzling mysteries of our conscious experience.
Philip Zimbardo, professor emeritus of psychology at Stanford University, bestselling author of The Lucifer Effect
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An enjoyable read
First there was the soul, followed by the mind and now the brain, all in the framework of humans. Is this the right direction of or reasoning and is there something we can learn from other animals? This book takes the reader by the hand and explains the Bauplan of cognition from simple to complex neuronal networks from the mind of archaea to that of humans. An enjoyable read, peppered with stories and enhanced by wonderful illustrations.
György Buzsáki, Biggs Professor of Neuroscience at New York University School of Medicine
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Profiles the entire history of mind
This book chronicles the evolution of Mind from its inception four billion years ago on that blue spinning ball called Earth. Using precise principles of mathematical modeling it describes the assembly of conceptual models for biological structures of increasing complexity, and explains their significance for function and behavior of real biological creatures. This is the first book to lay out “the Great Chain of Being” in such systematic detail. Its breezy, informal style makes it an entertaining introduction to the subject for all mature readers. It profiles the entire history of mind to the emergence of consciousness and the invention of Sapient culture –– peppered with insights into problems of race and society and informed with telling anecdotes. This whole story of mind and brain function is grounded in a prodigious mathematical theory created by Stephen Grossberg over more than a half century. As a study guide for the serious student the present book offers an extensive collection of Endnotes and References. Enjoy the Journey!
David Hestenes, professor emeritus of Physics and Astronomy of Arizona State University, chief architect of geometric algebra as a unified language for mathematics and physics
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Hierarchy of increasingly complex minds
One of the great failings of many AI and neural net publications is the knee-jerk tendency to label any progress as modeling the “human mind.” Ogi and Gaddam neatly sidestep this problem by organizing their book along a hierarchy of increasingly complex minds, and in so doing, remind us that even the simplest creatures exhibit sophisticated neurodynamics which, properly studied, can spark better understanding of many still-open questions. Moreover, they provide a delightful, accessible introduction to research by one of the field’s most prolific contributors, Stephen Grossberg. The personal and intellectual story of Grossberg’s remarkable path and seminal contributions is a fascinating contribution to the history of science.
Don Wunsch, Mary K. Finley Distinguished Professor of computer engineering at the Missouri University of Science and Technology
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Lively trip worth taking
A romp through the evolutionary landscape of the mind using the prism of Grossberg/Carpenter Adaptive Resonance Theory. A lively trip worth taking!
Rodrick Wallace, author of Computational Psychiatry
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A whirlwind intellectual tour!
What a whirlwind intellectual tour! Covering a billion years of evolution, Journey of the Mind tells a compelling story of how mindless cellular organizations were shaped by evolution into full-blown minds capable of figuring out how, what, where, when, and why. In the process, consciousness sprang forth, with the richness of language and the creation of civilization itself. This richly illustrated, sprawling account builds heavily on the insights of Steve Grossberg and his colleagues to build a fascinating portrait of brains and minds
Luiz Pessoa, Director of the Maryland Neuroimaging Center, University of Maryland College Park
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Will keep you reading into the wee hours
No one can accuse Ogas and Gaddam of lacking literary courage. After taking on the internet in A Billion Wicked Thoughts, they now examine the phylogeny of the mind. In an intellectual tour de force they offer an imaginative tale of who we are and how we came to be that will keep you reading into the wee hours until the last page.
Jeffrey Lieberman, former president of the American Psychiatric Association, chairman of the Department of Psychiatry at Columbia University, author of Shrinks
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Samples from Journey of the Mind
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Archaea Mind: Targeting

Introducing Archie the haloarchaeon. It might not seem like a sun-basking microorganism would require the ability to think to survive. But as you demonstrated a moment ago, to accomplish what a haloarchaeon does, a human being would certainly need to think. Sure, the single-celled haloarchaeon doesn’t sport a visual cortex or a motor cortex, let alone a brain. But some kind of mental apparatus must survey its environs, judge the direction of the brightest source of light, and command its body to move there.
What constitutes thinking in a creature so piffling that it managed to elude microscope-brandishing scientists for more than three hundred years?
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Hydra Mind: Multitasking

A mind without a genuine brain suffers from a significant limitation, one that explains why we don’t find hydra-style minds in animals of much greater complexity than a jellyfish. Without some kind of centralized control over its doer networks, a hydra mind cannot learn how to coordinate the activity of its different body parts. The hydra can hard-wire certain complex behaviors, like having a tentacle push food toward its mouth and then have the mouth automatically open to eat it. But such a mind could never learn to use a pottery wheel.
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Fish Mind: The Preconscious Proletariat

The joys of being a sentient being come from . . . well, they come from the experience of joy. Licking ice cream on a sultry day. Hearing the tinkling giggle of our toddler. Bingeing a TV series during a snowy weekend. Having friends over for the first time after a very long pandemic. We experience these experiences, these feelings, perceptions, and revelations. And even though someone else might experience similar feelings, perceptions, and revelations, what makes experience so intensely personal is that it cannot be transferred to someone else. This gust of private awareness lets us know we are still alive, still breathing—still conscious. When we are unconscious, there is no experience at all.
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Bird Mind: When

If you climb the towering slope of the Antisana volcano in the northern Andes, you will ascend into an ecosystem in the clouds. This remote Ecuadoran habitat is known as a cloud rainforest. It is not hot and steamy like a tropical rainforest. These woodlands are cool and damp, the result of perpetual fog saturating the forest. Visibility is limited to a few meters ahead. Even if the fog lifted, you would be confronted with bamboo thickets so dense that you would need to hack through them with a machete. If you were willing to brave the high altitude, heavy fog, and dense vegetation of the Antisana cloud forest, and were aided by a bit of luck, you might hear a fast, staccato melody that sounds a lot like the rapid digital chirping of an old-fashioned dial-up modem.
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Human Mind: Language

Akbar the Great ruled over the vast Mughal Empire in South Asia in the late sixteenth century. It would be stretching the facts to claim that Akbar was a scientist, though he was intensely curious about the nature of the mind and known to conduct uncompromising experiments in the pursuit of knowledge. One of these experiments involved an investigation into the origins of language. The question Akbar hoped to probe was straightforward. What was the natural language of the race of man? If a newborn child was kept in perfect ignorance of the sounds of conversation, which language would she come to speak?
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Authors
Neuroscientist and former director of the Dark Horse Project at the Harvard University Graduate School of Education. Co-author of Dark Horse, The End of Average, Shrinks, and A Billion Wicked Thoughts.
Neuroscientist and CEO of Kernel Insights. Co-author of A Billion Wicked Thoughts.
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Illustrations & Infographics

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Contact Us

Kyle Radler
Publicity, Norton
kradler@wwnorton.com
Jim Levine
Literary Agent
jlevine@lgrliterary.com
Sai & Ogi
Authors
thejourneyofthemind@gmail.com
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Summary

Two neuroscientists trace a sweeping new vision of consciousness, language, and the Self across eighteen increasingly intelligent minds, from microbes to humankind and beyond.

Why do minds exist? How did mud and stone develop into beings that can experience longing, regret, love and compassion—beings that are aware of their own experience? Until recently, science offered few answers to these existential questions. Journey of the Mind is the first book to offer a unified account of the mind that explains how consciousness, language, the Self, and civilization emerged incrementally out of chaos. The journey begins three billion years ago with the emergence of the simplest possible mind, a nanoscopic archeon, then ascends through amoebas, worms, frogs, birds, monkeys, and AI, examining successively smarter ways of thinking. The authors explain the mathematical principles generating conscious experience and show how these principles led cities and democratic nations to develop new forms of consciousness—the self-aware “superminds.” Journey of the Mind concludes by contemplating a higher stage of consciousness already emerging—and the ultimate fate of all minds in the universe.

Ogi Ogas, Ph.D. was a Research Fellow at the Harvard School of Education. He co-authored Dark Horse and Shrinks. He lives in Boston. Sai Gaddam, Ph.D. was a post-doctoral fellow in the Center for Adaptive System at Boston University. He co-authored A Billion Wicked Thoughts. He lives in Mumbai.

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